This study reports on a collection of spiders from Misallatah Nature Reserve and National Park (MNRNP), north western Libya, including five species recorded for the first time in the country. 75 spider samples (13 adult males, 20 adult females, 42 juveniles), comprising 12 families (Agelenidae; Araneidae; Dysderidae; Gnaphosidae; Lycosidae; Palpimanidae; Pisauridae; Philodromidae; Pholcidae; Salticidae; Thomisidae; Zodariidae), 13 genera (Lycosoides Lucas, 1846; Argiope Audouin, 1826; Dysdera Latreille, 1804; Nomisia Dalmas, 1921; Hogna Simon, 1885; Palpimanus Dufour, 1820; Holocnemus Simon, 1873; Aelurillus Simon, 1885; Menemerus Simon, 1868; Plexippus C. L. Koch, 1846; Phlegra Simon, 1876; Bassaniodes Pocock, 1903; Zodarion Walckenaer, 1826) and 13 species (Argiope lobata Pallas, 1772; Dysdera crocata C. L. Koch, 1838; Nomisia recepta Pavesi, 1880; Palpimanus gibbulus Dufour, 1820; Holocnemus pluchei Scopoli, 1763; Plexippus paykulli Audouin, 1826; Bassaniodes lalandei Audouin, 1826; Zodarion pileolonotatum Denis, 1935; Lycosoides flavomaculata Lucas, 1846; Hogna effera O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872; Aelurillus blandus Simon, 1871; Menemerus taeniatus L. Koch, 1867; Phlegra yaelae Prószyński, 1998) were collected; the last five species are first records in Libya.

Background: Poultry is the fastest-growing animal in the agriculture sector, and feed cost contributes 70%–80% of

production cost; therefore, many efforts have been evaluated to reduce feed cost. One of these ways to improve feed

efficiency is the use of natural feed additives in the diet, especially after reducing the use of antibiotics in poultry diets.

Flaxseed contains bioactive compounds, particularly omega-3 fatty acids (α-linolenic acid) and lignans, which are used

to improve energy metabolism and play antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in poultry diets. Vitamin E plays a

vital function in protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids from oxidative damage, preserving cell membrane integrity, and

supporting immune functions.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and productive effects of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) and

vitamin E supplementation, individually or in combination, in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica).

Methods: A total of 120 quails were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: commercial diet (control),

commercial diet with flaxseed, commercial diet with vitamin E, and commercial diet with both flaxseed and vitamin

E, each group comprising three replicates with 10 chicks per replicate, and the study lasted 5 weeks following 1 week

of adaptation.

Results: The combined supplementation markedly enhanced growth performance, improving body weight gain, feed

efficiency, and survivability compared with the control group. Serum biochemical analysis revealed improved protein

metabolism and a healthier lipid profile, with reductions in cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein,

alongside an increase in high-density lipoprotein. Antioxidant indices confirmed strengthened defense mechanisms, as

glutathione levels increased and malondialdehyde concentrations decreased, while liver enzyme activities, aspartate

transaminase and alanine transaminase were reduced, indicating improved hepatic function. The synergistic interaction

between omega-3 fatty acids from flaxseed and the antioxidant role of vitamin E contributed to better metabolic

efficiency and oxidative stability.

Conclusion: These findings highlight that flaxseed and vitamin E can be fed to Japanese quail as promising natural

feed additives that can enhance productivity, health status, and sustainability in quail production.

This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory and lethal effects of root extracts of the Wild Rue plant (Peganum harmala L.) against the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani under laboratory conditions. Two types of extracts (aqueous and alcoholic) were used at concentrations of (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). The results indicated that the effectiveness increased proportionally with the concentration. The inhibition rate of the aqueous extract reached 64.8% at a concentration of 20%, while the alcoholic extract was significantly superior, reaching 84% at the same concentration. Statistical analysis confirmed highly significant differences between concentrations (P < 0.001) as determined by one-way ANOVA, while two-way ANOVA showed extract type, concentration, and their interaction were significant factors, explaining approximately 85% of the total variance. The study concluded that the alcoholic extract is more effective than the aqueous one in inhibiting R. solani, making it a promising option for fungal control as a safe alternative to chemical pesticides.

This study presents a taxonomic note on Fagonia isotricha Murb.

(Zygophyllaceae), a species recorded in Libya and currently treated as a taxonomic

synonym of Zygophyllum mayanum. Global taxonomic databases, such as those

curated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and World Flora Online, recognize this

taxon as part of the Libyan flora under its currently accepted nomenclature.

This study provides field-based and morphological documentation of populations

observed in the Ariggiba region (southern Libya), and discusses their taxonomic

placement within the Fagonia–Zygophyllum complex. Herbarium specimens were

collected, examined, and deposited, supporting the occurrence of this taxon in the

Libyan flora.

Boerhavia erecta has been recorded for the first time in the flora of Libya. This widespread wild

weed was collected in 2023 and 2024 from multiple locations, all included in the regions Sabha and Ariggiba,

and situated approximately 110 km southwest of Sabha city. This species, known for its adaptability to

disturbed habitats and arid conditions, holds ecological significance in its native and introduced ranges. To

facilitate its accurate identification and support future research efforts, a comprehensive description of the

species is provided, along with data about the habitat and a distribution map. These findings offer valuable

insights into the plant’s occurrence, ecological preferences, and adaptability within Libya's unique climatic

conditions. Additionally, the study discusses the potential threats posed by Boerhavia erecta to native plant

flora and vegetation. Emphasis is placed on the importance of monitoring the spread of B. erecta and

conducting further studies to assess its ecological impact in Libya. This record not only highlights the plant's

expansion but also underscores the need for continued floristic surveys to document and preserve the

country's rich biodiversity.

Background and objective :Helicobacter pylori [H.pylori] infection is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections worldwide especially in the developing countries. This bacterium is the cause of many diseases such as MALT lymphoma, gastritis, peptic ulcers, and stomach cancer. According to recent reports, H.pylori infection may increase the risk of colorectal cancer. The current study aimed at investigating the association of H. pylori infection and the risk of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps. Methods: The current study was conducted on 52 patients with colon cancer as the case group and 200 subjects without pathological finding (i e, polyps, neoplasms, or inflammatory diseases) as the control group. Blood samples were collected from the patients in order to assess the presence of anti-H. pylori infection antibodies by the serum titer levels of anti-H. pylori IgG antibodies were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with commercial kit by (Dia.Pro Diagnostic Bioprobes-Italy). Results: This study demonstrates distinct associations between H.pylori infection markers and CRC risk. While IgG seropositivity showed a significant 2.16-fold increased CRC risk (p = 0.019). Conclusion: This research finding IgG seropositivity may serve as a broader risk marker.

In recent years, higher education has witnessed a significant shift toward digital environments, with e-exams becoming an essential tool for academic assessment due to their speed, efficiency, and reduced administrative burdens. However, the adoption of e-exams in Libyan educational institutions, particularly at the Faculty of Science in Gharyan, still faces challenges stemming from technical, organizational, and human factors. This study aimed to explore the main challenges hindering the implementation of e-exams and analyze the potential role of blockchain technology in enhancing security and reliability. A descriptive methodology was employed, with data collected through a questionnaire distributed to faculty members. Results revealed that the most significant barriers included weak ICT infrastructure, a lack of administrative and technical support, and the absence of reliable and user-friendly e-exam systems. Additional challenges included unclear policies, a lack of awareness of the benefits of e-exams, and concerns about cheating and technical glitches. On the other hand, individual factors, such as resistance to change and the difficulty of designing e-exams, showed a relatively smaller impact. The findings highlight the need for stronger infrastructure, ongoing training, and clear institutional policies as prerequisites for the successful adoption of e-exams. Furthermore, the integration of blockchain technology offers a promising solution by ensuring consistent exam records, secure student identity verification, and transparent assessment processes. The study concludes that developing more reliable and effective e-assessment systems in Libya requires collaboration between technical and Libyan educational institutions, with blockchain technology considered a strategic option for enhancing trust and security in higher education.

Abstract:

The present study concentrated on samples of Libyan dates procured from the markets in Gharyan City. A series of qualitative analyses were conducted in order to assess the content of their active ingredient, with a particular focus on antioxidants. The qualitative identification of tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and resins (utilised as tanning agents) was conducted utilising standard reagents such as Dragendorff's, Fehling's, and Benedict's, in conjunction with date extracts. The analyses confirmed the presence of all these compounds in the samples. Furthermore, quantitative assessments of the fundamental components of the date samples were conducted. The procedure entailed the quantification of fibre, carbohydrates, protein, fat, and ash content. Furthermore, the moisture content and the ratio of pits to fruit were evaluated in all samples. The assessment employed a kiln, a Kjeldahl apparatus, and other requisite equipment to determine the caloric values of each sample. The findings indicated variations in the fundamental components and energy content among the samples, likely attributable to various factors and conditions.

Keywords: Dates, antioxidants, free radicals, plant active ingredients

This study presents a strategic synthetic approach to functionalize the traditionally unreactive C3 position of the benzothiophene core. A series of 3-chloro-N-(aryl)benzothiophene-2-carboxamides (2a–d) were synthesized in good to excellent yields (53–83%) via amidation of 3-chloro-2-chlorocarbonylbenzothiophene[b]thiophene (1).Subsequent oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid afforded the corresponding sulfone derivatives (3a–d), a transformation that reduced aromaticity and activated the C3 position. This activation enabled anucleophilic aromatic substitution, where chlorine in sulfone 3b was replaced by ethylamine, isopropylamine, and diethylamine, yielding novel 3-aminobenzothiophene-1,1-dioxides (4a–c) in moderate yields (50–64%). All new compounds were fully characterized by IR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The synthesized derivatives were evaluated in vitro for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and fungal strains (Candida albicans, Crysosporium pannical, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oryzae). While overall activities were slight to moderate compared with standard drugs, compounds 3a and 3b displayed a promising broad-spectrum profile. These findings establish an efficient and versatile methodology for accessing C3-functionalized benzothiophenes, providing a valuable foundation for the design of new lead structures against resistant microbes.