In recent years, higher education has witnessed a significant shift toward digital environments, with e-exams becoming an essential tool for academic assessment due to their speed, efficiency, and reduced administrative burdens. However, the adoption of e-exams in Libyan educational institutions, particularly at the Faculty of Science in Gharyan, still faces challenges stemming from technical, organizational, and human factors. This study aimed to explore the main challenges hindering the implementation of e-exams and analyze the potential role of blockchain technology in enhancing security and reliability. A descriptive methodology was employed, with data collected through a questionnaire distributed to faculty members. Results revealed that the most significant barriers included weak ICT infrastructure, a lack of administrative and technical support, and the absence of reliable and user-friendly e-exam systems. Additional challenges included unclear policies, a lack of awareness of the benefits of e-exams, and concerns about cheating and technical glitches. On the other hand, individual factors, such as resistance to change and the difficulty of designing e-exams, showed a relatively smaller impact. The findings highlight the need for stronger infrastructure, ongoing training, and clear institutional policies as prerequisites for the successful adoption of e-exams. Furthermore, the integration of blockchain technology offers a promising solution by ensuring consistent exam records, secure student identity verification, and transparent assessment processes. The study concludes that developing more reliable and effective e-assessment systems in Libya requires collaboration between technical and Libyan educational institutions, with blockchain technology considered a strategic option for enhancing trust and security in higher education.

Abstract:

The present study concentrated on samples of Libyan dates procured from the markets in Gharyan City. A series of qualitative analyses were conducted in order to assess the content of their active ingredient, with a particular focus on antioxidants. The qualitative identification of tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and resins (utilised as tanning agents) was conducted utilising standard reagents such as Dragendorff's, Fehling's, and Benedict's, in conjunction with date extracts. The analyses confirmed the presence of all these compounds in the samples. Furthermore, quantitative assessments of the fundamental components of the date samples were conducted. The procedure entailed the quantification of fibre, carbohydrates, protein, fat, and ash content. Furthermore, the moisture content and the ratio of pits to fruit were evaluated in all samples. The assessment employed a kiln, a Kjeldahl apparatus, and other requisite equipment to determine the caloric values of each sample. The findings indicated variations in the fundamental components and energy content among the samples, likely attributable to various factors and conditions.

Keywords: Dates, antioxidants, free radicals, plant active ingredients

This study presents a strategic synthetic approach to functionalize the traditionally unreactive C3 position of the benzothiophene core. A series of 3-chloro-N-(aryl)benzothiophene-2-carboxamides (2a–d) were synthesized in good to excellent yields (53–83%) via amidation of 3-chloro-2-chlorocarbonylbenzothiophene[b]thiophene (1).Subsequent oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid afforded the corresponding sulfone derivatives (3a–d), a transformation that reduced aromaticity and activated the C3 position. This activation enabled anucleophilic aromatic substitution, where chlorine in sulfone 3b was replaced by ethylamine, isopropylamine, and diethylamine, yielding novel 3-aminobenzothiophene-1,1-dioxides (4a–c) in moderate yields (50–64%). All new compounds were fully characterized by IR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The synthesized derivatives were evaluated in vitro for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and fungal strains (Candida albicans, Crysosporium pannical, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oryzae). While overall activities were slight to moderate compared with standard drugs, compounds 3a and 3b displayed a promising broad-spectrum profile. These findings establish an efficient and versatile methodology for accessing C3-functionalized benzothiophenes, providing a valuable foundation for the design of new lead structures against resistant microbes.

The approach to delivering education in Libya has undergone a significant transformation in recent years. Various tools now support the educational process, shifting it from rote learning to creativity, interaction, and skill development. This study aims to examine the feasibility of implementing e-learning in Libyan universities. A statistical analysis was conducted on approximately 400 samples to identify patterns. The findings highlight the importance of e-learning in enhancing the quality of education by outlining its benefits and limitations. Moreover, it was found that employees consider e-learning an effective alternative to traditional education. Despite this consensus, concerns remain regarding the availability of sufficient infrastructure. 

This study integrates compliance evaluations and organic solvent risk assessments to enhance laboratory safety in Gharyan University chemistry laboratories. Six laboratories (Analytical, Biochemistry, Organic, Physical, Inorganic, and Research) were assessed for safety compliance across five elements: storage, PPE, usage areas, emergency management, and documentation. Concurrently, a systematic risk assessment was performed for seven common organic solvents (ether, chloroform, benzene, methanol, hexane, acetone, and ethanol), considering inherent hazard severity and laboratory-specific probability. Results showed moderate overall compliance (26.09%-38.26%), with the organic laboratory exhibiting the highest. "Emergency Management" was a universal weakness (20.00% compliance). Risk assessment revealed 62.5% of solvent-laboratory combinations posed very high risks, with ether, chloroform, and benzene consistently hazardous. A clear link emerged between laboratory compliance and risk profiles; higher compliance correlated with lower solvent risks. This research provides empirical evidence that improved safety compliance mitigates risks, offering a novel framework for integrated safety assessment in academic settings. Findings emphasize strengthening safety management, particularly in emergency preparedness and PPE use, to reduce risks from organic solvents in university chemistry laboratories. Keywords: organic solvents, risk assessment, compliance analysis, chemical hazards, safety management.

Euphorbia glyptosperma Engelm is recorded for the first time as part of the flora of Libya. This widespread wild weed was collected during 2023–2024 from various locations, including regions in Sabha and Ariggiba (approximately 110 km southwest of Sabha city). To aid in its identification and facilitate future studies, a comprehensive description of the species, habitat information, a distribution map, and distribution data are provided. Additionally, a brief discussion highlights the most significant threats associated with this species. Keywords: Identification key, Ariggiba Region, Field work, Sabha taxonomy, Alena 

The collection of comprehensive data is crucial for monitoring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns and implementing targeted interventions. However, there is a lack of data regarding the AMR status of pathogens in Libya, hinders the efforts to address the problem effectively. This retrospective study evaluates the prevalence of Escherichia coli AMR isolates to gentamycin, chloramphenicol, cefoxitin (or) ceftriaxone, meropenem, moxifloxacin (Mox), amoxicillin/clavulanate (AUG) or ampicillin-sulbactam (UNZ) among the visitors to the main pathology laboratories in Gharyan city. Reports from 107 AMR tests demonstrate that E. coli was mostly isolated from Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs, 85%) followed by vaginal infections (8.4%) and wound infections (6.5%). More than half of the isolates were multi-drug resistant which is a clear indicator of the need for continuous monitoring. The overall pattern demonstrates a high resistance rate to cephalosporins, and combinations of penicillins with beta-lactamase inhibitors (UNZ or AUG), followed by high resistance rates to Mox. In contrast, E. coli isolates showed high sensitivity to meropenem followed by gentamicin and chloramphenicol. However, the isolation site seems to affect the resistance patterns, most of the wound isolates were resistant to gentamycin. In contrast, all vaginal isolates were resistant to UNZ or AUG, yet both types showed high susceptibility to meropenem. 

Spiders are widespread, abundant predators, making them familiar and readily accessible to people everywhere. Despite having venom glands, most spiders bite humans in some situations, only when they are annoyed, trapped or injured. Studies on spider bites in Libya are limited, neglected, and affected by misdiagnosis and underreporting. The study aimed to interpret, analyze, and characterize the clinical characteristics of spider bite patients and their variations at Tripoli Medical Center (TMC), Tripoli, Libya, between 2004 and 2012. A retrospective study of 102 reported patients with spider bites at Tripoli Medical Center during the period from 2004 to 2012. A total of 102 patients were reported, mostly in May and June (16 cases in each month). The cases were mostly reported in 2007 and 2009 (17 each). The majority of cases were in age group of 19-29 years (41 cases), and female cases (68 cases, 66.6%) were higher than males (34 cases, 33.3%). The most bitten sites were proximal extremities (71.5%). Overall, most patients suffered from erythema (90%) and swelling (36%), followed by itching (33%), necrosis (29%) and fever (17%). Spider bites are common in Libya, but most bites cause minimal or no clinical effects and do not require medical attention. Diagnosing a spider bite is extremely challenging, but a comprehensive history and careful evaluation of symptoms, with correct verification of spider bites are helpful in diagnosing and treating spider bites.