‏This course provides students with a general overview of the fundamentals of the Arabic language, focusing on spelling, grammar, and morphology. It aims to equip students with the skills necessary for academic and professional writing, while introducing selected examples of Arabic poetry from the pre-Islamic, Islamic, Umayyad, Abbasid, and modern periods, including free verse poetry.

‏This course aims to develop students’ proficiency in Standard Arabic and equip them with the skills necessary for academic and professional writing. It covers advanced grammar topics, including subject and predicate, object of cause, object with, adverbs, interrogative structures, and demonstrative pronouns. The course also introduces students to Andalusian and modern Arabic poetry, while exploring rhetorical devices such as metaphor, simile, and metonymy.

This course covers multivariable functions, partial differentiation, multiple integrals, and numerical series, emphasizing analytical and applied mathematical skills.

This course introduces fundamental concepts of calculus, focusing on integration techniques and their applications, to enhance mathematical reasoning and problem-solving skills.

‏This course provides students with the essential fundamentals of the English language, focusing on developing pronunciation and speaking skills to support academic and professional writing. Topics include demonstrative, quantifying, and interrogative determiners, nouns and their types, pronouns, adjectives and their order, subject-verb agreement, transitive and intransitive verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, as well as reading comprehension and writing skills.

‏This course aims to enhance students’ English skills following English Language 1. It focuses on developing reading and writing skills, expanding vocabulary, understanding dictionary entries, and covering grammar aspects such as tenses, articles, ability, permission, and necessity. Students will also practice making requests, suggestions, offers, and invitations in English.

This course introduces students to the fundamental principles of botany. It covers the study of plant cells and tissues, the external morphology of flowering plants, and the internal structure of plant organs. The course also includes seed structure and germination processes, as well as water relations in plants, providing students with a basic understanding of plant structure and function.

This course aims to introduce students to the general characteristics of living organisms and the principles of their classification, with emphasis on the plant kingdom. It covers viruses, prokaryotes, protists, algae, fungi, and lichens, as well as seed plants including gymnosperms and angiosperms, with special attention to monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous flowering plants.

This course provides students with fundamental concepts of chemistry, including matter and its properties, atomic structure, the periodic table, chemical calculations, states of matter, and thermochemical reactions. It also covers electrolytic solutions, electrolysis, an introduction to organic chemistry, and qualitative analysis of acidic and basic radicals.

This course continues the study of basic chemistry concepts, focusing on gas laws, kinetic theory of gases, solid and liquid states, solution properties, and acid–base theories. It also covers nuclear chemistry, ionic energy, chemical equilibrium, chemical thermodynamics, ideal and non-ideal solutions, and methods for mixture analysis.

This course introduces fundamental concepts of zoology, cell structure and function, molecular biology, cell cycle, animal tissues, and reproduction. It also includes practical training in laboratory techniques, microscopy, and scientific report writing.

This course introduces the fundamental concepts of analytical chemistry, focusing on chemical measurements, properties of matter, elements, compounds, and mixtures. It covers laws of chemical combination, chemical symbols, formulas, equations, nomenclature, and stoichiometry. The course also addresses chemical analysis procedures, statistical data treatment, solution concentration expressions, chemical equilibrium, buffer solutions, quantitative analysis classifications, and volumetric analysis methods including acid–base and redox titrations.

This course introduces the fundamentals of organic chemistry, focusing on the structure, classification, and nomenclature of organic compounds. It covers functional groups, bonding theories, polarity, stability of organic intermediates, bond cleavage, and electronic effects. The course includes the study of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives such as alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids, emphasizing their properties, preparation methods, and common reactions.

This course introduces the principles and importance of biochemistry, cellular components, and the role of water and pH in biological systems. It covers carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in terms of structure, properties, and biological functions. The course also addresses enzymes, their mechanisms, kinetics, and influencing factors, as well as vitamins and hormones and their biological roles.

This course focuses on fundamental metabolic processes including catabolism and anabolism. It covers bioenergetics, regulation of metabolic pathways, carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, urea cycle, and biosynthesis of organic compounds, emphasizing the role of regulatory enzymes.

This course enables students to use computer software for scientific data analysis, interpretation, mapping, and analysis of various samples using modern techniques.

This course introduces the fundamentals of biostatistics, probability theory, probability distributions, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, and confidence intervals with applications in biological data analysis.

This course introduces the fundamentals of scientific research, sources of knowledge, and inductive and deductive thinking. It covers different research methodologies including historical, descriptive, and experimental approaches, data collection tools, and research design. The course also addresses the steps of scientific research writing, including topic selection, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, abstract writing, and referencing.

This course aims to study the origin of terrestrial plants and the general characteristics of archegoniates and their role in reproduction, with classification and comparison based on morphological features. It covers bryophytes (thalloid and leafy forms), pteridophytes, seedless vascular plants, and seed plants including gymnosperms and angiosperms, with emphasis on monocotyledonous plants. The course also addresses the origin and development of flowers and seed evolution, enabling students to understand morphological evolution and comparative plant structures.

This course aims to introduce students to different types of plant cells at various developmental stages, distinguishing between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and comparing plant and animal cells. It covers the chemical composition of the cell, living and non-living components, cell wall and plasma membrane structure and transport mechanisms, as well as cellular organelles including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and microtubules, with emphasis on their biological functions.

This course aims to introduce students to the origin and evolution of algae and their general characteristics, including algal cell structure and habitats. It covers the classification of algae based on photosynthetic pigments, with detailed studies of blue-green, green, brown, golden-yellow, and red algae in terms of structure, reproduction, and importance. The course also includes practical training in laboratory techniques for algal studies.

This course introduces the principles of ecology, its historical development, and its relationship with other sciences. It covers ecosystems, their components, types, stability, development, and ecosystem services. The course addresses energy flow, food chains and webs, ecological pyramids, productivity, biogeochemical cycles, and environmental factors affecting organism distribution. It also includes studies of biological communities, ecological succession, biotic interactions, biodiversity in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, and environmental problems such as pollution and climate change.

This course aims to introduce students to plant cells and tissues and their basic functions, including cell theory and major structural organelles of the plant cell. It covers the anatomical structure of roots, stems, leaves, and flowers, as well as pollination, fertilization, secondary growth in roots and stems, and the study of seeds and fruits. The course also examines the effects of environmental factors on internal plant structure and the importance of plant anatomy in plant classification.

This course aims to introduce students to microbiology in terms of its historical development and microbial diversity. It covers bacterial cell morphology, colony formation, bacterial motility and its types, flagellar structure, and bacterial responses to various stimuli. The course also includes functional anatomy of the bacterial cell, comparison between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, microbial genetics and mutations, genetic transfer, and the role of bacteria in biotechnology, with laboratory training in microbial detection techniques.

This course aims to study different types of algae and their various habitats, as well as environmental factors affecting their growth and reproduction, such as light, temperature, and carbon dioxide. It covers algal reproduction methods, economic importance, and roles in the environment and industry. The course also includes studies of marine and freshwater algae, algal toxins and their effects on human health, and methods for algal preservation.

This course focuses on environmental factors affecting plant growth and distribution, including climatic, edaphic, and biotic factors. It covers the concepts of limiting factors, tolerance curves, ecological niche, physiological responses, and the effects of light, temperature, water, and wind on plants. The course also addresses plant adaptations, competition, ecological interactions, vegetation dynamics, and practical applications for calculating vegetation indices.

This course aims to deepen students’ understanding of advanced cellular structure and function. It covers plastids, the nucleus, chromatin, chromosome morphology, the cell wall, and mechanisms of cell division. The course also addresses protein biosynthesis, cellular respiration, and the role of cellular receptors in regulating cellular activities, providing an integrated view of cellular processes.

This course aims to study modern theories and patterns of plant classification, plant diversity and its sources, and detailed taxonomic evidence. It also includes the principles of studying flowering plants and their evolution, identification of angiosperm families of dicotyledons and monocotyledons, and training students in herbarium techniques for collecting, preserving, and classifying plant specimens.

This course introduces the principles of genetics, explaining inheritance patterns and variation among organisms. It covers Mendelian laws of inheritance, multiple alleles, dominance, sex-linked inheritance, and genetic probability with emphasis on Mendelian genetics.

This course introduces students to mycology, including its historical development and general characteristics of fungi. It covers fungal cell structure, nutrition, modes of reproduction, and reproductive units. The course also addresses the economic importance of fungi, fungal classification systems and nomenclature, and the study of major fungal groups such as slime molds, flagellated fungi, oomycetes, non-flagellated fungi, zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and imperfect fungi, with emphasis on their distinguishing features.

This course focuses on the ecological and physiological aspects of fungi, including fungal communities, ecological succession, and environmental factors affecting fungal growth and development. It covers fungal cell growth, colonies, and communities, the role of fungi in biodegradation and soil ecosystems, fungal adaptation to extreme conditions such as temperature, drought, and osmotic stress, as well as the application of fungi in bioremediation and mechanisms of fungal growth inhibition.

This course aims to study soil microorganisms and the microbial environment of soil, including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, algae, and protozoa and their roles in soil ecosystems. It covers the distribution of microorganisms in different soil horizons, microbial physiology related to nutrition and growth, and nutrient cycles such as carbon and nitrogen cycles. The course also addresses biological transformations of minerals including phosphorus, sulfur, and iron, and ecological interactions, with laboratory training in microbial analysis.

This course aims to introduce students to applied microbiology and the various environments inhabited by microorganisms, with an emphasis on distinguishing beneficial and harmful microbes and their roles in nature. It covers microorganisms in air, water, soil, food, and dairy products, methods of contamination and sterilization, and diseases transmitted through air, water, and food. The course also addresses industrial microbiology and the economic importance of microorganisms in environmental, health, and industrial fields.

This course introduces the principles of molecular biology, focusing on the molecular structure of nucleic acids, DNA replication, protein synthesis, the genetic code, gene expression and regulation, DNA repair mechanisms, and modern applications of molecular biology in medicine and life sciences.

This course introduces the concept and historical development of genetic engineering. It covers techniques for isolation and extraction of nucleic acids, DNA cutting and ligation using enzymes and vectors, construction of gene libraries, and transfer of recombinant DNA into host cells. The course emphasizes medical and biotechnological applications such as protein and hormone production.

This course aims to introduce students to the concept of biotechnology, its historical development, major branches, and applications. It covers genetic engineering principles, gene vectors, DNA extraction and purification, gel electrophoresis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloning techniques, tissue culture, and gene therapy. The course also discusses the advantages and limitations of biotechnology and its scientific and applied significance.

This course aims to study the fundamental principles of plant physiology, including solutions, colloids, acids, and bases. It covers diffusion and osmosis and the factors affecting them, as well as water relations in plants such as absorption, transpiration, and guttation. The course also includes the structure of stomata and xylem tissues, theories of water ascent, and the study of macro- and micronutrients, their importance, distribution, and deficiency symptoms in plants

This course focuses on advanced aspects of plant physiology. It covers the role of enzymes in regulating biological reactions, major metabolic processes in plants, particularly respiration and photosynthesis. The course also examines the phytochrome system and its physiological effects on plant growth, development, and responses to environmental factors.

This course focuses on plant hormones, including their types, distribution, and roles in regulating various physiological processes. It also examines hormone-related physiological phenomena such as parthenocarpy, phototropism, and geotropism, in addition to the physiology of plant growth and development, providing insight into hormonal control mechanisms in plants.

This course aims to introduce students to plant diseases and their economic importance, including disease symptoms, signs, and stages of development. It covers biotic and abiotic causal agents, disease transmission methods, and physiological changes in infected plants. The course also includes diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and parasitic flowering plants, as well as physiological disorders related to environmental factors and mineral nutrition, and methods of plant disease control and resistance.

This course introduces the native flora of Libya, including the history of botanical exploration, geographical location, and topography. It covers characteristics of Libyan flora, plant endemism, rare and endangered species, invasive plants, desertification and its impacts, and traditional medicinal plants. The course also addresses natural reserves, their role in biodiversity conservation, selected Libyan plant families, and the importance of vegetation cover in Libya.

This course aims to equip students with the necessary research and scientific skills to plan and execute a graduation project in botany. It involves selecting an appropriate research topic within botany, setting project objectives, reviewing relevant literature, collecting and analyzing field or laboratory data, and interpreting results scientifically. The course also includes preparing a final report and presenting it to a specialized scientific committee. It enhances students’ critical thinking, research abilities, and practical skills in analyzing plant phenomena.

This course aims to introduce students to the origin, evolution, and definition of viruses, as well as their physical and chemical properties and their distinction from other living organisms. It covers the physiology of plant viruses, modes of infection, transmission methods, symptoms, stages of replication, and their relationship with insect vectors. The course also includes virus purification techniques, methods for estimating virus concentration, the effects of physical factors on viral activity, and the economic importance of viruses, in addition to laboratory training in virus detection techniques.

This course introduces medical fungi, focusing on their general characteristics, reproduction, classification, and modes of transmission. It covers fungal pathogenicity and disease mechanisms, laboratory diagnosis, systemic, superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, and opportunistic fungal infections. The course also addresses host immunity, antifungal drugs, fungal toxins, and methods of prevention and treatment.

This course introduces medicinal plants in terms of their concept, historical background, importance, and practical uses. It covers the economic importance of medicinal plants, environmental factors affecting their growth and distribution, and their classification based on life cycle, used plant parts, and secondary metabolites such as glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, carotenoids, essential oils, resins, and vitamins. The course also addresses therapeutic properties, propagation methods, extraction of active compounds, and a study of selected medicinal plant families in Libya.