‏This course provides students with a general overview of the fundamentals of the Arabic language, focusing on spelling, grammar, and morphology. It aims to equip students with the skills necessary for academic and professional writing, while introducing selected examples of Arabic poetry from the pre-Islamic, Islamic, Umayyad, Abbasid, and modern periods, including free verse poetry.

‏This course aims to develop students’ proficiency in Standard Arabic and equip them with the skills necessary for academic and professional writing. It covers advanced grammar topics, including subject and predicate, object of cause, object with, adverbs, interrogative structures, and demonstrative pronouns. The course also introduces students to Andalusian and modern Arabic poetry, while exploring rhetorical devices such as metaphor, simile, and metonymy.

‏This course provides students with the essential fundamentals of the English language, focusing on developing pronunciation and speaking skills to support academic and professional writing. Topics include demonstrative, quantifying, and interrogative determiners, nouns and their types, pronouns, adjectives and their order, subject-verb agreement, transitive and intransitive verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, as well as reading comprehension and writing skills.

‏This course aims to enhance students’ English skills following English Language 1. It focuses on developing reading and writing skills, expanding vocabulary, understanding dictionary entries, and covering grammar aspects such as tenses, articles, ability, permission, and necessity. Students will also practice making requests, suggestions, offers, and invitations in English.

Introduction to chemistry; units of measurement; chemical calculations (stoichiometry); atomic structure and the periodic table; electromagnetic radiation and atomic spectra; quantum numbers; electronic configurations of elements; naming chemical compounds; chemical bonding; covalent bonding and molecular structure.

Introduction to analytical chemistry and types of analytical methods; review of chemical calculations; ways of expressing concentration; pH calculations for acids, bases, and salts; buffer solutions. Introduction to volumetric analysis; titration calculations; acid-base titrations and indicators; titration curves; applications of acid-base titrations.

Atomic structure; Bohr's theory; hydrogen atom spectrum; quantum numbers; electronic configuration of atoms; general properties of elements. Chemical bonding: Lewis structures, ionic bond, covalent bond, metallic bond; valence bond theory; VSEPR (electron-pair repulsion) theory; molecular orbital theory.

Introduction to organic compounds and basic concepts (orbitals, bonds, formulas, intermolecular forces, hybridization). Bond cleavage, reagents, and electronic effects; conformations and types of isomerism. Aliphatic hydrocarbons: alkanes (nomenclature, preparation, reactions); alkenes (nomenclature, preparation, reactions); alkynes (nomenclature, preparation, reactions); and dienes.

Gaseous state of matter: volume, pressure, temperature, gas laws and Avogadro's principle; gas mixtures and gas-phase reactions; Graham's law; real gases. Thermodynamics: fundamental concepts, the first law and applications; the second law, entropy and its properties; isothermal entropy changes; relations among entropy, heat, volume and pressure for an ideal gas; standard entropy and free energy. Thermochemistry: types of reactions, conservation of energy; heat capacity and heat exchange calculations; bond energy; enthalpy and calorimetry; writing thermochemical equations; heats of reaction and influencing factors; Hess's law.

General properties of elements (atomic radius, electron affinity, ionization energy, electronegativity, and shielding). Detailed study of s-block and p-block elements: physical properties, chemical properties, occurrence in nature, preparation, extraction, and uses.

Introduction to stereochemistry; introduction to benzene; aromaticity; preparation of benzene; electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene; directing effects of substituents; preparation of benzene derivatives and their chemical properties; polycyclic aromatic compounds.

Types of solutions, their formation and nature; dissolution process; ways of expressing concentration. Solutions of gases in liquids; liquids in liquids; Henry's law; Raoult's law. Solutions of solids in liquids and factors affecting solubility; colligative properties of dilute solutions. The liquid state and intermolecular forces; relation between intermolecular forces and boiling point; key physical measurements of liquids and related properties.

Solubility and solubility product constant (Ksp); precipitation reactions (theory and titration curves); endpoint determination methods (Volhard, Mohr, and Fajans). Redox reactions (full theoretical treatment); redox titrations and common oxidizing/reducing agents; theoretical basis, endpoint detection and indicators; potentiometric endpoint detection; electrochemical cells and the Nernst equation. Gravimetric analysis; applications and problem solving; complexometric titrations.

Fundamentals of separation and extraction methods; introduction to chromatographic methods and their classifications; column chromatography; planar chromatography (TLC and paper chromatography); gas chromatography; ion-exchange chromatography; high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); statistical analysis.

Alkyl halides: nomenclature, physical properties, preparation and chemical properties. Aryl halides: nomenclature, physical properties, preparation and chemical properties. Alcohols: nomenclature, preparation, physical and chemical properties. Phenols: nomenclature, preparation, physical and chemical properties. Ethers: nomenclature, preparation, physical and chemical properties. Epoxides: nomenclature, preparation, physical and chemical properties. Aldehydes and ketones: nomenclature, preparation, physical and chemical properties. Aldol condensation of aldehydes and ketones; dehydration of aldol products; crossed aldol condensation; cyclic (intramolecular) aldol condensation.

Introduction to transition elements and coordination compounds: definition and nomenclature; Werner's theory; effective atomic number (EAN) rule. Valence bond theory and its applications to bonding in complexes; crystal field theory and bonding interpretation; crystal field stabilization energy for octahedral and tetrahedral complexes; Jahn-Teller effect. Isomerism in complexes; ligand field spectra; term symbols resulting from ligand fields.

Introduction to electrochemistry and electrochemical cells; galvanic cell and Daniell cell; methods for determining cell potential; electrolysis of aqueous solutions and molten salts. Standard electrodes and calculation of galvanic cell potential. Quantitative aspects of electrolysis and Faraday's laws. Kohlrausch's law of independent ionic migration; transference numbers.

Introduction to electrochemistry: voltaic and electrolytic cells; types of electrodes and standard reduction potentials (electrochemical series). Calculation of cell potentials under standard and non-standard conditions (Nernst equation and applications); concentration cells; exercises on electrode and cell potentials. Potentiometric methods (direct and indirect, including potentiometric titrations); voltammetric methods (current vs. applied potential); electrogravimetric analysis; coulometric analysis; conductometric methods (conductivity and conductometric titrations).

Introduction to the general properties of the main transition elements. Detailed study of the groups of scandium, titanium, chromium, vanadium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc. Study of inner transition elements (lanthanides and actinides).

Carboxylic acids: nomenclature, structure, physical properties and preparation methods; reactions and derivatives. Structure and nomenclature of acid derivatives; physical properties; reactivity and reactions. Amines: nomenclature and physical properties; basicity of amines; amine salts; acylation of amines using acid chlorides; reaction of amines with aldehydes and ketones; diazonium reactions.

Reaction rates and factors affecting the rate of chemical reactions; rate laws; methods for determining reaction order; reaction mechanisms. Temperature dependence of reaction rate (Arrhenius equation); activation energy; collision theory and activated complex (transition state) theory. Effect of salts (electrolytes) on reaction rates; catalyzed reactions. Determination of rate and order for selected reactions; calculation of activation energy; catalytic effects on reaction rates.

Introduction to spectroscopic analysis methods. UV-Vis spectroscopy: basic absorption laws and deviations from the Beer-Lambert law; components of UV-Vis instruments; applications in the visible and ultraviolet regions. Atomic emission spectroscopy (flame) and plasma atomic emission; atomic absorption spectroscopy; flame photometry.

General introduction to transition elements. Introduction to the kinetics and mechanisms of complex reactions; effect of the ligand field on reaction rates. Substitution mechanisms for octahedral complexes and factors affecting them; substitution mechanisms for square-planar complexes and influencing factors; substitution mechanisms for tetrahedral complexes. Redox reaction mechanisms and methods of reaction initiation.

Introduction to absorption spectroscopy. UV-Vis spectra: types of electronic transitions; bathochromic and hypsochromic shifts; absorption intensity; UV-Vis spectra of major organic families; effect of solvents and pH on wavelength. IR spectra: IR range; absorption theory; bending and stretching vibrations; characteristic absorption bands for key functional groups (aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, carbonyl compounds, amines, etc.). Proton NMR: fundamentals, chemical shift and influencing factors, spin-spin coupling and coupling constant, anisotropic effects in various organic families. Mass spectrometry.

Properties and classification of solids; specific heat and molar heat of fusion. Crystal structures, symmetry elements and their importance; Bravais lattices and the seven crystal systems. Types of cubic unit cells and the relationships among atomic radius, cube edge length and number of atoms per unit cell (with applications). X-rays: sources and properties; diffraction and its importance in studying crystal structures; Bragg's equation and applications. Metallic crystal structures, coordination number and close packing (with applications). Liquid crystals: types and importance; phase equilibria. Surface tension and surface free energy; work of adhesion and cohesion; wetting/contact angle. Methods for measuring surface tension and parachor (with applications). Adsorption and spreading of insoluble materials on liquids; adsorption of gases on solid surfaces; types of adsorption, adsorption isotherms (Langmuir and Freundlich) and related problems.

Infrared (IR) spectroscopy: theory, instrument components, and applications. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy: theory, instrument components, and applications. Mass spectrometry: theory, mass spectrometer components, and applications. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy: theory, instrument components, and applications.

General introduction and definition of organometallic compounds; methods of formation; key factors affecting metal coordination; classification, stability and nature of organometallic compounds. Classification based on the metal-carbon bond; catalysis by organometallic complexes and coordinative unsaturation. Preparation methods and homogeneous catalysis: oxidative addition (including Wilkinson's catalyst and Vaska's complex); insertion and migratory insertion reactions, including CO insertion and preparation of acetic acid. Heterogeneous catalysis: preparation of Ziegler-Natta catalyst and polymerization of polystyrene. Oxidative addition and synthesis of organo-derivatives of transition elements; use of alkylating reagents; reactions of metals/hydrides with alkanes and alkenes; organomagnesium compounds and group 2 and group 4 elements; formation of magnesium halides, Grignard reagent, and silicon compounds. Differences between organometallic chemistry and related organic compounds. Spectroscopic chemistry: term symbols, multiplicity, Orgel diagrams and structural representations.

Overview of heterocyclic compounds; nomenclature (common names and substitutive nomenclature); nomenclature according to Hantzsch-Widman rules with illustrative examples. Five-membered aromatic heterocycles with one heteroatom: pyrrole, furan, thiophene (properties, preparation methods, and summary of reactions). Fused five-membered heterocycles with a benzene ring (indole and related compounds). Six-membered aromatic heterocycles with one heteroatom: pyridine (properties, preparation, and summary of reactions). Additional examples to reinforce naming rules; identification of unknown organic samples belonging to different organic families; preparation of various heterocyclic compounds.

Preliminary mathematics; conservative systems; generalized coordinates; Lagrange and Hamilton equations of motion. Black-body radiation; photoelectric effect; atomic states; failure of Bohr's theory; Sommerfeld quantization rules and applications. Quantum mechanics: Heisenberg, Dirac and Schrödinger representations; Schrödinger equation and interpretation of Psi; particle in a box; postulates of quantum mechanics; operator algebra and exchange of operators; Heisenberg uncertainty principle; Hamiltonian operator; time-independent Schrödinger equation; approximate solution methods.

Introduction to biochemistry; acids and bases; concept of pH; Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Carbohydrates: classification; isomerism of monosaccharides, their derivatives, and reactions; oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Lipids: classification; fatty acids, their properties and major reactions. Amino acids: classification and properties; peptides: formation and nomenclature. Proteins: types, structure, denaturation, and biological functions. Nucleic acids and nucleotides; DNA replication; RNA types; nucleoproteins. Enzymes: mechanism of action; enzyme kinetics; factors affecting enzymatic reaction rate; enzyme activation and inhibition; enzyme nomenclature and classification. Vitamins: types and biological roles. Hormones: types, secreting glands, and biological roles.

Bioenergetics; role of energy in metabolism; standard conditions and free energy changes; coenzymes in biological oxidation-reduction reactions. Carbohydrate metabolism: digestion and enzymes involved; entry of different sugars into glycolysis; aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis, reactions and energy yield; gluconeogenesis; citric acid cycle (biological importance, reactions and energy yield); electron transport chain; pentose phosphate pathway and its importance; glycogen metabolism; Cori cycle. Lipid metabolism: digestion and the role of liver and pancreas; beta-oxidation of fatty acids and energy calculations; fatty acid biosynthesis, chain elongation; triacylglycerol synthesis; cholesterol metabolism; lipoproteins; phospholipid synthesis; ketone bodies. Amino acid metabolism: nitrogen balance; synthesis of non-essential amino acids; glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids; biosynthesis of amino acids; urea cycle and its relationship to the citric acid cycle; protein biosynthesis and proteolytic enzymes. Nucleic acid metabolism: synthesis and degradation of purine and pyrimidine bases; biosynthesis of nucleic acids; diseases associated with disorders of nucleic acid metabolism.

The chemical plant and manufacturing methods, including raw materials, chemical operations, physical operations and chemical conversion; continuous processes and batch processes; chemical process control in industry and the pilot (mini) plant; the roles of research and development; the chemical engineer and the chemist in chemical industries; quality, specifications and market evaluation. Cement: definition and properties; raw materials; stages of cement manufacture; setting/hardening; types and uses. Gypsum: definition and uses; manufacturing stages; types and uses. Glass: definition and properties; raw materials; manufacturing stages; types and uses. Ceramics: definition and properties; raw materials; manufacturing stages; types and uses. Soap manufacture and types; glycerol and methods of production. Industrial detergents: components, raw materials, surfactants, foam regulators, additives. Water sources; water pollution; water treatment; boiler water treatment; importance of water for industry.

Concept and types of scientific research; techniques for selecting a research problem at the academic level; steps for designing a research plan and sources of research. Research tools and techniques (including research statistics); results analysis. Scientific writing techniques: summarizing research; main chapters of a research report/thesis; key concepts in academic writing; writing scientific conclusions; final formatting/design of the project; and techniques for presenting research.

Statics: units and vectors; base units; vector and scalar quantities; dimensions of physical quantities; Cartesian and polar coordinates; vector operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication) and vector components. Motion in one dimension: displacement, velocity, acceleration; uniformly accelerated motion; free fall. Motion in two dimensions: displacement, velocity, and acceleration vectors; projectile motion. Newton's laws of motion and applications; friction; equilibrium; uniform circular motion and its dynamics; relative velocity and acceleration; Newton's law of gravitation. Work and energy: work done by a variable force; forms of energy; kinetic energy; power.

Historical overview of the cell; cell theory; cell size and shape; types of cells and their functions; structure of plant cells and functions of main components; structure of animal cells and functions of main components; comparison between plant and animal cells; bacterial cell structure; bacterial classification and culture; growth and reproduction in bacteria; diversity of microorganisms; the role of bacteria in industry and in soils and water/sewage systems; brief overview of selected human-pathogenic microorganisms. Brief introduction to viruses and comparison with bacteria; sera, antibiotics, blood groups, and methods of detection.

Overview of sets and operations; methods for solving algebraic expressions and equations; relations and Cartesian product; intervals and graphical representation; inequalities and their types; functions and types; finding domain and range; operations on functions; composition of functions; odd and even functions; one-to-one and onto functions; inverse function. Limits and techniques for evaluation (factorization and rules); continuity and its conditions. Derivatives and differentiation rules; higher-order derivatives; implicit differentiation; applications of differentiation and sketching function graphs.

Exponential functions and their properties; logarithmic functions and differentiation rules; logarithmic differentiation; trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions and derivatives. Indefinite integrals and integration rules. Definite integrals: the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, definition and properties; integrals of exponential and logarithmic functions; integrals of trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions. Techniques of integration: substitution, integration by parts, trigonometric substitutions, and partial fractions. Applications of integration: areas, surfaces and volumes of revolution; arc length. L'Hopital's rule and the Mean Value Theorem.

Waves in elastic media: definition and types of waves; traveling waves; wave speed on a stretched string; power and intensity in wave motion; superposition; standing waves; resonance. Geometrical optics: theories of the nature of light; reflection and refraction; refraction through parallel surfaces; total internal reflection and critical angle; applications of total internal reflection; Fermat's principle and deriving the laws of reflection and refraction. Dispersion and prisms: deviation in prisms, angular dispersion, and dispersive power. Image formation by reflection: plane and spherical mirrors, mirror equation and sign convention. Image formation by refraction: thin convex and concave lenses; general mirror/lens relations; lens power; combinations of thin lenses; conjugate points and Newton's lens formula; derivation of Gauss equation for spherical refracting surfaces and the lens-maker's equation. Optical aberrations and defects of vision; optical instruments. Sound waves: acoustic spectrum; propagation in different media; traveling sound waves; vibration in air columns; beats; Doppler effect.

Use of computer techniques in applied sciences; use of operating systems; Excel and Windows XP; using the Internet and its applications; methods of statistical analysis; data analysis and representation.

Electric forces: properties of electric charges; insulators and conductors; Coulomb's law. Electric field: field of continuous charge distributions; field lines; motion of charged particles in a uniform electric field. Gauss's law: electric flux; applications to charged insulators. Electric potential: potential difference and electric potential; potential in a uniform field; potential energy of point charges. Capacitors: energy stored in a charged capacitor; capacitors and dielectrics; electric dipole in an electric field. Current and resistance: electric current; resistance and Ohm's law; series and parallel resistors; temperature dependence; electrical energy and power. Kirchhoff's laws and DC circuits: electromotive force (EMF), resistor connections, and applications of Kirchhoff's rules. Magnetic field: magnetic flux and flux density; magnetic force on a current; torque on a current loop; Hall effect; Thomson experiment.

Basic definitions and concepts. Methods for solving first-order differential equations: separation of variables, homogeneous equations, exact equations, integrating factor, linear equations, and Bernoulli equation. Linear differential equations of second order and higher with constant coefficients: solutions of homogeneous equations; methods for finding particular solutions of non-homogeneous equations (undetermined coefficients and reduction of order). Laplace transform: concept, transforms of elementary functions, derivative property; Laplace transform of derivatives and integrals; applications to solving differential equations. Equation of a straight line: finding slope and y-intercept from graphs.

Fundamentals of probability; random variables and their types; mathematical expectation and variance; probability distributions (discrete and continuous), including binomial and Poisson distributions; continuous distributions including the normal distribution and t-distribution. Sampling theory and the concept of a sample; hypothesis testing and its basic concepts; correlation and regression, Pearson correlation coefficient, and the linear regression equation.

General concepts: importance of research; definition and purpose of scientific research; research problems; designing and preparing a research plan; data collection; reviewing previous studies (literature review). Writing skills and research methodologies; characteristics of academic writing; study hypotheses; writing a graduation project; writing laboratory reports; writing research papers; and presentation skills.

Modern concepts of polymerization; molecular forces in polymers and their effect on polymer properties; classification and nomenclature of polymers. Condensation polymerization: synthesis reactions; kinetics of step-growth polymerization; control of molecular weight; molecular weight distribution of linear polymers; important industrial condensation polymers. Initiators (thermal, photochemical and redox). Addition polymerization: preparation reactions; comparison between addition and condensation polymerization; free-radical addition polymerization kinetics; control of molecular weight in addition polymerization; polymer additives; important industrial addition polymers. Ionic polymerization: cationic and anionic polymerization; kinetics of anionic and cationic polymerization. Copolymers: types; effect of monomer reactivity ratios on copolymer composition and structure; determination of reactivity ratios. Polymer molecular weight averages (number-average and weight-average), degree of polymerization; polymer structure; crystallinity and crystalline polymers; glass transition and amorphous polymers; stress and strain; viscoelastic properties; stress relaxation; impact strength. Polymerization methods: bulk, solution, suspension, and emulsion polymerization.

Introduction to environmental chemistry and branches of ecology; ecosystem structure and its biotic and abiotic components; biogeochemical cycles. The atmosphere: chemical and physical properties; effect of sunlight on atmospheric chemistry (stratospheric chemistry and ozone - concern about stratospheric ozone). Ozone formation and depletion (catalysts of ozone destruction and international cooperation to protect the ozone layer). Chlorofluorocarbons: properties, preparation methods, hazards and alternatives. Greenhouse gases and global warming. Environmental pollution: carcinogenic chemicals; persistent pollutants (including pesticides); pollution by ionizing radiation; key methods for pollution control.