This paper proposes an estimation method based on the reflection of the (manifest) explanatory variable to estimate the parameters of a simple linear regression model when both response and explanatory variables are subject to measurement error (ME). The reflection method (RM) uses all observed data points, and does not exclude or ignore part of the data or replace them by their ranks. The RM is straightforward, and easy to implement. We show that the RM is equivalent or asymptotically equivalent to the orthogonal regression (OR) method. Simulation studies show that the RM produces estimators that are nearly asymptotically unbiased and efficient under the assumption that the ratio of the error variances equals one. Moreover, it allows to define the sum of squares of errors uniquely, the same way as in the case of no measurement error. Simulation based numerical comparisons of the RM with the ordinary least square (OLS) and OR methods are also included.

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Given the pressing need for new antiprotozoal drugs without cross-resistance with current (failing) chemotherapy, we have explored 3-tridecylpyridinium alkaloids (3TPAs), derivatives of viscosamine, as antiparasitic agents. We have developed a simple synthetic route toward viscosamine and related cyclic and linear monomers and oligomers. Evaluation for cytotoxicity on the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania spp., and Plasmodium falciparum revealed several 3TPAs with antiprotozoal activity in the nanomolar range. Their promising selectivity index in vitro prompted us to study the dynamics of cytotoxicity on trypanosomes in more detail. Parasites were killed relatively slowly at therapeutically safe concentrations, in a process that did not target the cell cycle. Clearance of T. brucei cultures was observed at drug concentrations of 1–10 μM.

We are concerned here with the existence of at least one positive

continuous solution of the quadratic integral equation of fractional orders

x(t) = a(t) + Iαf(t; x(t)) · Iβg(t; x(t)); α; β 2 (0; 1]:

The maximal and minimal solutions are also proved. Some applications are

given.

Digital video steganography has attracted a great deal of research interest in the recent few years in applications. In this paper, we propose a method to embed and encrypt messages into video sequences by using steganography technique Based on the H.264 video coding standard. The system implemented in this work provides robust H.264 video compression constant, without significantly affecting the overall bit rate and quality of the video stream. The results indicate that the algorithm can be implemented steganography fast and efficiently and effect vision and peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) of video sequences are almost unaffected after decoding.

Steganography is the idea of embedding a secret data in different media and has become an important regulation of methods of data integration. Although the still images are generally applied in the past, is very popular in recent years for the video. The techniques of video data hiding in recent year’s emphasis on the features generated by the video compression standard, a safer method for steganography uses MPEG-4/H.264 Bit Plane Complexity Segmentation (BPCS) algorithm is proposed in this approach. The reason for choosing such a video coverage is the enormous amount of data that can be hidden in each frame of MPEG-4 video. In other words, MPEG-4 has three types of images: I-frame, B, and P frames. Unlike other techniques used to hide data, such as the LSB algorithm, PBCS can achieve better results in both mathematics expression and human vision. In this paper, data is embedded in the videos of the I-frame until the BPCS can reach high levels of integration with low distortion based on the theory that regions of low noise-levels as in a picture can be replaced by noise without a significant loss of image quality. This approach invents data hidden in high-security environments. Experimental results show the success of hidden data in the selected and extracted data from the sequence of frames and also indicate the effectiveness of the implementation plan of steganography compressed video with high security features.

Few studies have systematically addressed evolutionary changes in olfactory neuron assemblies, either by genetic drift or as an

adaptation to specific odor environments. We have studied the sense of olfaction in 2 congeneric scarab beetles, Pachnoda

interrupta Olivier and Pachnoda marginata Drury (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae), which are both opportunistic

polyphages, feeding mainly on fruit and flowers. The 2 species occur in dissimilar habitats: P. interrupta is found in dry

savannah, and P. marginata in tropical parts of equatorial Africa. To study how these species may have adapted their sense of

olfaction to their odor environments, we utilized single-unit electrophysiology on olfactory sensilla with a wide selection of

food-related compounds. Despite the differences in habitat, we found that the species shared most of the physiological types

of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) encountered, although their proportions frequently varied between the species. The high

degree of conservation in olfaction between the species implies that a similar sensory strategy is efficient for food search in

both habitats. However, shifts in proportions of receptor neuron classes, and slight shifts in response profiles and/or presence

of some ORN classes unique to either species, may reflect adaptation to a different set of hosts.

Key words: comparative study, electrophysiology, olfaction, polyphagous herbivore, single sensillum recordings

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Few studies have addressed how olfactory systems may be adapted to different odour environments. I have performed the largest study to date, comparing olfactory receptor neurons in the two congeneric species of scarab beetle, P. marginata and P. interrupta. Both species are fruit- and flower-eaters but geographically separated (equatorial versus sub-Saharan Africa, resp.). They have similar lamellate antennae covered mostly with numerous olfactory sensilla placodea (plate sensilla) and a lesser number of other types, mainly sensilla coeloconica (grooved peg), and smooth peg sensilla of unknown function. By means of single sensillum recordings with tungsten microelectrodes I screened a great number of olfactory sensilla with a large array of odorants. I compared 456 sensilla placodea, containing 212 responding cells, over the whole antennae in both species. The olfactory systems of these two species displayed an amazing degree of conservation, with 20 identified olfactory neuron classes, all except two of which were found in both species with no detectable difference in response profiles. The exceptions were two olfactory receptor neuron classes: methyl benzoate and gamma-nonalactone, which were only found in Pachnoda marginata. In general, the two species showed an almost total overlap in their receptor neuron assemblies. One aim of the study was also to test whether the arrangement of neurons within sensilla was conserved between the species, but this could not be tested as very few combinations of characterized neurons were encountered during the study.

Key words: olfaction, electrophysiology, scarab beetles, Pachnoda marginata, Pachnoda interrupta, single sensillum recording, olfactory receptor neurons